Frankenstein by Mary Shelly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Frankenstein by Mary Shelly - Essay guinea pigMary Shelley was a very young woman when she wrote Frankenstein and her native extol of romance came into play in the relationship between Victor Frankenstein and his adopted sibling, Elizabeth Lavenza. While Victor was reckless and ambitious within his intrust to create his new species that went beyond just creating a human being, Elizabeth remained a gentle, caring and devoted person. She compete the opposite of Frankensteins compulsion with his project. It did not appear to be a wildly passionate love affair unless one of depth and caring, especially on Elizabeths part.Frankenstein developed a fascination with knowledge and nature as a young boy which led him to pursue the philosophies of the ancient Greeks up until he reached the age of seventeen when he went away to the university to study science and medicine. An affable youth, he soon set up himself consumed by studies of the then modern science techniques and the radical idea that man could create liveness another(prenominal) than through the natural process of procreation. An absurd idea then and today that a human life could be returned from death but it was Frankensteins obsession.The novel leaves the reader with the feeling that Shelley herself did have that much faith in the modern science of the time. Through her main characters preoccupation that he could improve upon science with undisputable expertise, it could be viewed that the author herself felt that were too many limitations at the time period for medical advancement. Victor Frankenstein believed that he had expanded his knowledge beyond that of his professors and broke into a totally new unknown territory as is suggested in the following quote.It was a mystery yet with how many things are we upon the brink of becoming acquainted, if cowardice or carelessness did not restrain our enquiries. (Shelley 41)Mary Shelley displayed her thoughts upon science in the way that she developed th e character of the monster, as he is, himself, an anomaly, a freakish creation of a human structure, and not one of natural science. The putz is still a human being that finds himself an outcast, shunned from the natural human need for social interaction, but possessed of all the human emotions for that need. As expressed in the monsters speech to FrankensteinRemember, that I am thy creature I ought to be thy Adam but I am rather the fallen angel, whom thou drivest from jubilate for no misdeed. Everywhere I see bliss from I alone am irrevocably excluded. I was benevolent and good misery made me a fiend. Make me happy and I shall be virtuous. (Shelley 74)though a novel of violence as the creature give-up the ghosts filled with hate for Frankenstein who has in turn become repulsed by the monster and begins to only flee it until in retaliation the creature begins to stalk and kill those whom Frankenstein loves. A deep bond of affection and love runs within Victor

Procurement - Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Procurement - Assignment 2 - Essay Exampleent system is vital since the condemn choice may help to avoid eventualities that might negatively impact on date, costs and grapheme to ensure that the get offs goals ar attained. One needs to consider a variety of factors from the projects internal and external environment in which the industry operates. A point to note is that opposite projects may require various systems based on a projects features (Hashim, Yuet, Chu, Hooi, Heng & Yong 2006). Procurement systems are divided into three categories namely traditional, management contracting and design and build methods. These three categories have different influences on each factor. The following factors are may be considered in the construction of site in Chelmsford. Time, complexity, price certainty, government policy, price completion, responsibility, risk avoidance and familiarity of procurement methods (Hashim, Yuet, Chu, Hooi, Heng & Yong 2006).Time is of fundamental when dec iding which procurement system to acquire for construction purposes. Time described here is from inception to completion stage. If the completion deadline is not met due to an inefficient procurement system, extra or overrun costs will be incurred by the contractor making the project expensive. The procurement system should monitor the lead-time schedules to ensure that the functional spaces are consummate within the required time and start generating income. The client being a private firm, completion time of the project is truly crucial and of importance to them (Hashim, Yuet, Chu, Hooi, Heng & Yong 2006). Therefore, the procurement system must be comprehensive in planning and its schedules to achieve deadlines and other timelines required. Time as a factor is affected by the attached procurement methods in the following ways. Design and build method is advantageous for a client who wants a quick return on their investment. The client may employ management contracting method in order to reduce the project

Higher education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Higher learning - Essay ExampleI suffer realized that higher education is a place where knowledge diversification can be nurtured and learnt. Knowledge diversification dates back to the 1st half of the 20th century, when the history of higher education was outset on earth. Because of this, I go forth be able to train in a wide drift of subjects within my job of computer science as well as become more knowledgeable in the global community. For instance in my college, I can take advantage of relations that have been forged with industry, explore various course services, job shadowing, internships, job fairs as well as unpaid worker opportunities together with a broad array of other invaluable courses that guide me in my chosen career path. Thus in my area of specialization, almost everybody has to complete an internship before graduation something which I know will offer me invaluable experience, just before joining the job market.Secondly higher education has do me see that th ere is diversity as far as student body is concerned something that has enabled me to interact with my fellow students from all over the world as well as learn from my professors who are equipped with a variety as well as wealth of expertise.In my class today, we form a florilegium of all people from various backgrounds as well as ethnicities unlike in the 50s when, inspite of founding of colleges for minorities and women, college education continued, by and large, being the sphere of the wealthy white male (John, 2013). This is something that I really appreciate since I do learn a lot from them. I have met wonderful people in the course of my college life, and I have strived to learn as much as I can from them, just as they do from me. In addition, I have been privileged to interact with students from other faculties, joined student organizations and participated in debates and discussions. This has assisted me in learning interpersonal skills which is one

The Current State of the Caribbean Is Better Explained Through Essay

The Current State of the Caribbean Is Better Explained Through Reference to present-day(a) Rather Then Past Global Relations - Essay ExampleThis report stresses that the very vociferous feminist changes inside the Caribbean would be noted in the visibility of Caribbean women in different occupational positions which were one time reserved only for European people and the challenges to a transforming traffichip between gender and global capitalist economy are also highlightedThis paper makes a conclusion that globalization and its impact on the Caribbean thus reckon to depend on several factors such as improved education that can highlight the particularities and specialties of the Caribbean locality and bring out the features that would attract the world. Tourism would be a major reason for which businesses and industries would be automatic to invest in the Caribbean and the region remains as an attractive tourist destination, making it a fully blown participant in the global economy and the process of globalization. The importance of equal gender relations and the significance of comparative education have been discussed considering that womens position in society and especially within the Caribbean society in this context could be very important in bringing out the changes in global relations. Caribbean society is changing with the changes of global economy and womens relations may actually assign how the Caribbean society projects itself to the world. The importance of education also should not be undermined as only a newfangled form of education within the Caribbean would help it to relate to a globalized changing and interlinked society.

Video review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

tv review - Assignment ExampleBeing already in his fifties da Vinci painted Mona Lisa, a portrait of a Florentine merchant Francesco del Giocondos wife, which explains why the painting is often called La Giaconda in Italy. Mona, in turn, is a contraction from Italian ma donna, which means my lady. Leonardo never handed over the portrait to del Giocondo because he probably never considered it finished. Years later Napoleon took Mona Lisa to his bedroom it was also stolen from pentad Museum once, which finally brought it a worldwide fame. But eventually the portrait got back to Louvre, where it stays to date.2. King Tuthankhamuns grave is full of ancient artworks devoted to this legendary Egyptian ruler. The Golden mask is one of them. Preserved in the Museum of Cairo it shows its visitors the luxury and sophisticated taste of King Tut. It is a masterpiece that is almost impossible to copy. seven coffins of the King Tuts tomb bear the embossment of Tuthankhamuns face, each being an artwork of exquisite beauty. The Golden mess is another masterpiece containing relief images of King and Queen, which tells us the story of their love. On top of these wonders, there ar over one hundred pieces of the finest jewelry found inside the tomb. Art in ancient Egypt was make for religious purposes and, apart from its beauty, reveals a lot about the ancient times that have been long

Analyze the reasons for the United States involvement in Vietnam Essay

Analyze the reasons for the join States date in Vietnam between 1953 and 1968 - Essay employmentWhen French left the region it was divided into Laos, Cambodia, North Vietnam, and South Vietnam (Levy, 17). South Vietnam was governed by anti communistic government and North Vietnam was controlled by communist forces. United States wanted to curb the influence of communism in the region and therefore functioned build South Vietnam. United States was supporting anti communist forces from the French Indochina war because it wanted to build the pro capitalistic forces in the region. This is one of the main reasons of United States affair in the Vietnamese War between 1953 and 1968. On the other hand, Soviet Union was providing all the help to communist forces in the North. This is why Vietnam became a proxy war between the two Super Powers. In reality, the mesh of Vietnam was a fight between capitalism and communism. Communist forces other than Soviet Union were also help North V ietnam government. Their motivation was also to increase communist presence in the region. Communist wanted to slip by their influence in the region and therefore supported the military advances of North Vietnam into Laos and Cambodia. Soviet Union and its ally thought of this as a way in which they can gain more turf in the region. The Soviet Union involvement in the region was became a reason for United States to get compound in the Vietnamese conflict. Another important reason for United States involvement in the Vietnam War was tie in to the trade and scotch significance of the region. United States wanted to secure its interests in the region because of many economic reasons. A United States friendly Indochina region would have helped lacquer in rebuilding its economy. United States had vowed to help Japan in rebuilding and pro capitalist governments in the region could become good markets for Japan (Rotter, 1). This was another reason for United States to enter into the V ietnamese conflict in 1950s and 60s. Britain, a United States ally, also wanted pro capitalistic regimes in the region because Malaya was a British colony near Vietnam. Britain wanted to revive the tin and rubber industries of Malaya in order to help them with their post war retrieval (Rotter, 1). This might be another reason why United States wanted to stop the proliferation of communism in the region as communism would destroy any trade opportunity. Another reason for United States involvement in the Vietnam War was that United States wanted to stop the war from escalating (Wiest, 20). This is another reason given for the involvement of United States in the Vietnam War. The war in Vietnam was creating problems and therefore the goal of United States was to curb the conflict and not let the conflict turn into a nuclear fight (20). This is why the government actively participated in war so that the conflict can be stopped before serious damages be realized. Tensions were high betw een United States and Soviet Union during the Vietnam War as both were supporting manage forces. There was always a chance of escalation which could lead to an all out nuclear war. Some argue that United States active involvement was to stop this from happening and to find a solution to the problem without taking the cold war to the next level. This is why United States got involved in the war and helped South Vietnam crusade itself from its

Research where are the IFRS are significantly different from current Paper

Where be the IFRS are significantly different from current Canadian generally accepted accounting principles - Research root word ExampleThis demanded a certain degree of similarity in the chronicle standers and many international accounting bodies come up which assisted development of Generally Accepted chronicle Principles (GAAP). The aim of GAAP is submit rules related to preparation, presentation and reporting of financial statements. GAAP is combination of all the Accounting Frame works, Accounting Laws, Accounting Rules and Accounting frame works. At present fiscal Accounting Standards Board (FASB) has the highest authority to feed GAAP which has to be followed by public and private organization. In US, the financial reporting is controlled by Financial Accounting Standards Advisory Board (FASAB). These GAAP brings standards which help Stakeholders to understand present condition of the company, and on the buttocks of their analysis they make decisions related to credit, investment and other vital financial decisions. But it has been found that the GAAP suffers with certain limitations, like inter industrial comparison is not possible if GAAP is taken into reflection for financial statement reporting, also certain vital information related to the companys performance are not presented on the financial statement sheet while following GAAP, which are necessary for the merger and scholarship process. So to overcome these hindrances, concept of worldwide Financial Reporting Standers (IFRS) came into existence.IFRS consist of standards, interpretations, and frame works which are to be taken into consideration while preparing and presenting financial statement of a company as select by International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). Actually, IFRS is the rename of International Accounting Standers (IAS) which was proposed from 1973 to 2001 by Board of International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC). In the historical event of April 1,

Gender and Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gender and Communication - Essay ExampleAccording to her, sex differences in the modern society replicate and dole out the principle of survival of the fittest as demonstrated by Darwin. The utility of the book in serving the purpose of feminist thinking is various and it is a apropos book,as the gender roles on contemporary campus are conflictedandoften contentious. The ultimate range of the book is its message to the students What genderandculturewill mean in the future is up to you.(Wood, 1995, p. 310) One of the most corresponding points the present genderandcultureissue relates to theEqual Rights Amendment(ERA) and the question is if the once unsuccessful proposed amendment to theUS report needs to be passed. It is most significant to ensure the equal rights to men and women in the modern ball which gives foremost role to feminist ideas and in particular in America, the leading civilized nation of the day.The value of passing the Equal Rights Amendment(ERA) would have been far reaching as it sounds the material, pragmatic consequences of how women and men live, work, and interact, apart from creation symbolic in temper. That is to say, ERA cannot be considered as a movement just for the sake of about constitutional rights. It had a wider application as it reflected the far-reaching question of cultural dominance in the modern society. corresponding the suffrage campaign a century earlier, writes Rhode, the ERA struggle presented issues not only of constitutional entitlements, still also of cultural dominance. The question was whose vision of womens destiny should prevail and on what terms. (Rhode, 1989, p. 63) Of course, the efforts of the ERA struggle aimed at material, pragmatic consequences in that its supporters wished to determine how women and men live, work, and interact. The ultimate result of such efforts would be that the women can wonder equality and freedom along with men which will be supported by the constitution. However, the symb olic nature of the amendment suggests the real value of passing the ERA - the cultural question of the issue would be addressed at its best. It is important to comprehend that the actual intention of the constitutional interference in the form ERA was not to impose any ultimate changes in the existing power structure and a valid question needs to be clearly answered here. If the ERA would not necessitate any real changes, then what is the excuse for opposing it Though it was initially presented with the utmost interest, the ERA incited intermittent legislative disputes and disagreement. Public opinion canvas suggested that an unyielding bulk of the Americans supported the amendments, though many of them were not aware of its expected consequences. Significantly, this growth in the support for ERA was reasonable as well as ironic considering the governmental actions. In the priming coat of the propagation of state and federal statues, executive orders, and judicial verdicts forbid ding sex discrimination, the need for constitutional preparedness of equal rights of women was limited and so the logic in the antonym of ERA was limited as well. The opposition of E

BUSINESS GLOBALISATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

BUSINESS GLOBALISATION - canvass ExampleTrading Blocs A craft bloc refers to the agreement between certain countries to reduce cunning restrictions, tariffs and other sell barriers for each other while imposing strict portion out barriers with other nonmember nations. Without all doubts, trade blocs like European Economic Community (ECC) and North American Free Trade transcription (NAFTA) exist because they provide great advantages to the member nations (Prempeh, Mensah & Adjibolosoo, pp. 98-99, 2004). First, large markets created through trading blocs allow production to analyse place in bulk, which in turn means that firms can take advantage of economies of surpass. Second, companies within the trading blocs come closer to each other, which lead to greater competition (Wiarda, pp. 93-98, 2007). Quite understandably, greater competition leads to high level of efficiency. Third, when tariffs decrease due to trade blocs, the cost of imports goes down and consumers can purcha se products with lower prices. Fourth, an soul country may not enjoy that political and frugal authority over the globe that a group of countries certainly can have their voice heard (Rossi, pp. 304-305, 2007). In feature, this remains the biggest executable advantage of trade blocs that they allow the members to become interdependent on each other thus making them less vulnerable to the external shocks. Fifth, trade blocs reduce the transactions costs for all the members thus allowing the trade the trade to happen with lesser monetary and time costs (Ervin & Smith, pp. 185-186, 2008). Changes in the Balance of Trade in during 20th deoxycytidine monophosphate Without any doubts, the beingness is a completely changed place as compared to what it was a century ago. The world has undergone a complete transformation in the 20th century and the same is true for world trade. The equaliser of trade refers to the total value of exports minus the value of imports of a country during the given year. The balance of world trade in the past century has changed largely. During the early days of the 20th century, virtually of the countries at that time used to avoid trade deficits and considered it as bad for the economy. The process of Globalisation was slow and most economies comparatively were closed economies. However, as of the data of CIA for the year 2010, out of the 191 countries on their list, only 61 countries or 32 percent of the countries had a trade surplus and the rest of the them were showing trade deficits. Quite understandably, this refers to the fact that the balance of the world trade in totality is in negative giving a trade deficit. The biggest trade deficit was for the economic superpower United States of America with 561 billion US dollars (Steger, pp. 74-78, 2010). Furthermore, even economic powers like United Kingdom, India, France, Brazil, Canada, and Australia had deficits of more than 35 billion US dollars (Steger, pp. 74-78, 2010). Howev er, upcoming Asian giants China, Japan, and Germany remain at the top of list with trade surpluses of 272, 166, and 162 billion US dollars (Steger, pp. 74-78, 2010). Economies of Scale With Globalisation and increasing international trade, economies of photographic plate have emerged as an extremely important factor in expansion and production of various industries. Economies of scale refer to the phenomenon where the cost per unit decreases with increasing production (Rossi, pp. 304-305, 2007). It allows the firm to lower its costs and gain greater market share or the firm may decide to maintain the

Necrotizing Fasciitis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Necrotizing Fasciitis - Essay ExampleHe was working at the Hotel Dieu located in Lyon, and described a condition that has similar symptoms to the current descriptions of NF (Misiakos, et al, 1). During the 19th and 20th centuries, cases of NF were r are. It was mainly restricted to military hospitals, although civilian outbreaks were in like manner recorded. However, during the mid 1980s and early 1990s, there was an increase in NF cases worldwide, according to the Center for Disease restrict and Prevention (CDC). As of 1999, 600 cases of this disease were reported in the United States. Currently, the number of cases of this disease is 0.4 cases for each lakh people every year. The incidence rate in children is purge at 0.08 cases for every 100000 children every year.In the United States, it is estimated that between 9000 and 11500 cases of NF occur annually with close to 2000 deaths very year. in general, the prevalence of NF is put at 0.4 cases for every 100000 people (Misiako s, et al, 2). Statistics show that the disease mostly affects men compared to women, standing at a ratio of 31 (Misiakos, et al, 2). Research has demonstrated that the high prevalence rates in men are as a result of the higher cases of Fourniers gangrene in men. The deathrate rate remains high, standing at between 20 and 40 per cent. It is difficult to give the select recent case of the disease. However, in America, the recent reported case occurred in February 2014. This was reported in the clause by Jackie Farwell (2014) appearing in the Bangor Daily News. The victim was an 18-year old Benjamin LaMontagne from Maine. In general, it is difficult for the CDC and another(prenominal) health organizations to keep track of the occurrences of this disease. As noted in the article by Farwell (2014), the CDC recognizes that there are many cases of NF that go unreported or undetected, and this makes it difficult to give

The Interrelationships between Languages and Cultures with Reference Essay

The Interrelationships between wordss and Cultures with reference to Theory and Policy - Essay ExampleVisual images such as the pictures in the flashcards also postulate life experience and background experienceledge to what is being viewed. Nowadays, using flashcards to teach manner of speaking is not recommended because inquiry shows that actual experience with real objects and activities promote dustup learning better. However, in my time, my mother did not know any better, entirely I believe it worked for me. In my time, the English quarrel was formally introduced to Chinese children in the intermediate grades. It was taught with a ph unrivalledtic approach of learning the alphabet first, its symbol and sound and eventually, its grammar. I entangle not much connection to the English delivery at that time. It was only taught by rote but not practiced enough for verbal expression. Besides, it is a far cry from how young children learn language today, with hands-on, inter esting and engaging activities. If in my time, it was taught that way, then, I believe I would have learned the English language better and at a faster rate. Bishop-Glynn (1999) cites the study of Wong-Filmore (1991) which finds that language differences between the home and school depends on the dominant language used. The language dominant in the wider society is usually maintained. In my case, Chinese language prevailed over English in our society, so English did not create a strong characterization on me then. Still, Baker (2006) contends that evidence supports that there are cognitive and performance advantages in being bilingualist over being monolingual. Cummins (1986) mentioned the BICS or the Basic Inter soulfulnessal Communicative Skills and the CALP or the Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency as two tools in second language learning. Baker (2006) explained that students engage in BICS when they glide by with contextual supports and props such as face-to face context embedded situations where they read the other persons non-verbal gestures, hand movements and sounds to support verbal communication. On the other hand, CALP happens in context reduced situations requiring higher(prenominal) order thinking skills such as analysis, synthesis or evaluation. This is usually encountered in more academician learning and communication where language is disembedded (Baker, 2006). On hindsight, I realize that while I was learning English, I was experiencing BICS and CALP as my classmates and I struggled to teach each other how to communicate in a foreign language not only with our speech but also our bodies. In school, we were taught the more formal Chinese language, Mandarin. However, at home, I spoke our dialect. So at that particular time in my life, I was speaking 3 languages It reflected the culture I belonged to because we were a traditional Chinese family trying to adjust to modern changes and language is one aspect of the progress we were heading to. Makin, Campbell & Diaz (1995) discussed additive and subtractive bilingualism. One issue in second language acquisition is its effect on the first language of the individual. The immense concentration necessary to learn a second language may create a negative impact on the first language. This is cognize as Subtractive bilingualism. When a child becomes fluent in a second language overdue to immersion in that language, there is a strong tendency to forget the first language, causing disruptions in communication with family members who only know the first language. That was not the case with me since I continued speaking Chinese at home. There was no risk of

Macro assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

big - Assignment ExampleObviously with the major machinery meant for merchandiseion of the new brand of napped drink Straw-berry get totally damaged beyond repair, means that the production unit of this factory meant to be operational in the UAE has been crippled beyond repair. In other words, no manufacturing of the anticipated new straw-berry brand cannot be manufactured. Thus, our soft drink manufacturing company, Liquids Limited will accept no brand of soft-drink to introduce to the UAE market in cardinal months time as previously projected (Neyapti 31).Besides, the manufacturing plant has been import using a lot of bills that must have taken away a sizeable chunk off the companys profits. With this in mind the potion of liquids Limited given the circumstance is one of increased liability and weakness preferably of strength. This state of weakness will increase the general capital out-lay, if another machine is to be bought to interchange the one damaged on transit. The question which arises is where will that money come from? Who will carry the equal? How will it affect the cost of production?The companys competitors, Drinks limited already seem to have an upper hand in being the first to introduce their brand of soft drink into UAE market. This is unprecedented, and could good turn the tables of Liquids Limited in favor of Drinks Limited as it gives them the opportunity to capture a well-knit market segment, and work towards building brand loyalty.After having a brain-storming session with the mentality of production, and as the head of marketing, we effectively decided to discontinue with the proposed launch of the straw berry soft drink in UAE. This is because the imported manufacturing plant has been damaged beyond repair. This means that the liabilities of Liquids Company have increased.Launching a new product in a new market is an

How Religions Impact Food Practices of the Followers Research Paper

How Religions Impact Food Practices of the Followers - Research Paper ExampleThe precedent of the paper tells that Muslims generally follow the Koran which has laid down a number of rules concerning food plainly within Islam itself, there argon many different sects that observe dietary rules depending upon the degree of orthodoxy. The Koran permits that provided animals with a cloven hoof can be consumed. According to this, pigs, carnivorous animals, and birds, except chicken are forbidden. The law also states that animals imbibe to be slaughtered in a ritualistic manner by make an incision at the jugular vein and draining the blood. This slaughter has to be accompanied by prayers so that the meat becomes legitimate (halal) for consumption. Otherwise, food is prohibited (haram). A prayer during slaughter is to acknowledge that life is saintly and one must kill only with Gods permission. Prohibited foods include pork and pork-derived foods, including explode and bacon. Meat tha t is halal must have the blood drained from it and must be slaughtered in a humane fashion. Some Muslims eat kosher products because the dietary laws are similar to the Jewish dietary laws. Utensils have to be clean an uncontaminated by haram substances. Shell angle or sharks are not permitted because only fish with scales are permitted for consumption. Alcohol is totally permitted. During the month of Ramadan, which is the fasting month, except young children or very senile or ill, have to fast from sunrise to sunset, without any food or drink. Pregnant, lactating women and menstruating women are exempted for the m being but have to make it up sometime during the year.

Movie comment Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Comment - Movie Review ExampleThere seems to be a break in connection with the ago. This can be a good thing, however, because it forces the next generation to mould out a new way for themselves, and escape from the weight of history that has been handed down to them. mavin of the most interesting aspects of the film is that Pilar, who has a white father and Mexican mother, is a teacher whose assembly line is to reinterpret the history for all of the diametrical groups, even though the parents of the schoolchildren resist her open minded shape up to the past. Cinema has a great power to play with time Sayles visually reinforces the weight of history and the past in Frontera with seamless chronological transitions smoothly effected by path of panning or other camera movement during uninterrupted takes. (West and West, 1996, p.1) The flashbacks help to put history into context. Question 2. The town of Frontera, whose name literally means frontier or border, is at the meeting po int of North America and South America, and it is also where the different mentalities of these two worlds meet.

'In today's Britain, people vote less on who they are than on what Essay

In todays Britain, people vote less on who they are than on what they percieve. Evaluate this statement - Essay ExampleThese two eras as classified are the time time period between 1945-1970, which is signified by a stability in all forms of electoral decisions maculation the turn era existence from 1970 till date, which can be described as the era of decreasingly less appellative on the part of voters with any fixed governmental parties. With increasingly complex behaviour of the vote patterns that were being observed in the contemporary general elections both in UK and worldwide, psephologists came up new voting models that excessively quite often involved statistical calculations to explain voting behaviours and patterns, and in 1990 we find that W. I. Miller propounding that voting behaviours could be easily differentiated into 6 main models. In my article I will debate the shift in the UK voters attitude and the perceived changes in the voting patterns, by analysing the various elections that has been held in the youthful times and studying the different voting models and political dealignment in British politics.It will also break down as to whether strong leadership within party politics does reflect in the vote results, andif policies of the political parties play an effect in influencing the voting patterns. ... These two parties had strong ideologic differences that characterised and became their symbols they stood for, and people voted according to this ideological symbolisation. As for example, the labour party believed in high taxation, redistribution of income and wealth, a welfare state characterised by frequent public services and benefits, and nationalisation of the countrys major industriesthat is, a socialist state... While their opponents believed in the apologize market in which the state played a regulatory role, with some public services and benefits for those ineffective to provide for themselves.2 Thus, the Labour partys supporters were mainly drawn from the carrying class level, while the Conservatives had their staunch supporters in the non working classes with some support from the rural sections. The equation was very simple, with the election results depending on how much the two parties were able to get together their own staunch supporters while also persuading the voters that were non committed to any parties (these were labelled as the floating voters) to vote for them instead of their opponent party. This was especially seen in 1945, when a large number of the voters turned over to the Labour party, as the Conservatives were connected with the depression of the 1930s, and the voters en masse thought that giving the socialist Labour party a chance might work out things better for the general populace. In the next elections that took place (1951) we find that Conservatives took away a major share of the voters, as people found that the Labour party had become a little complacent. From this deliver it is very evident that

Experiments in Art and Technology Essay Example for Free

Experiments in Art and applied science EssayThe new interface I will define is one in which the artist makes active use of the inventiveness and skills of an engineer to fulfil his purpose. The artist could not complete his intentions without the help of an engineer. The artist incorporates the work of the engineer in the painting or the sculpture or the performance. what a perfect synergy Introduction Experiments in Art and engine room (E. A. T. ) is an healed non profit making and tax exempted organization instituted as far back as 1966 by renounced engineers and artists. The engineers include the persons of Billy Kluver and Fred Waldhauer, while the artists, the persons of Robert Rauschenberg and Robert Whitman. Experiments in Art and Technology was pioneered from the experience of a popular work c in all 9 Evenings Theatre and Engineering. The notable event was of the 69th Regiment Armory in new York City, linked State of America (October 1966). About 40 engineers and 10 popular artists symbiotically worked together to put up an engineered and equally artistic performances. With the works of E. A. T., artists and engineers relationships have received huge boost, thereby stimulating the willingness and participation of industries in artistic events. Companies cooperation through sponsorship is one of the achievements of E. A. T. There was fast expression of interest in the free radical over the space of time. Three years after the inauguration of Experiments in Art and Technology, the organization recorded over 4,200 memberships of diversified artists and engineers all around the United States of America, South America, Japan, Canada and every other interested industry all over the world.Through the process towards achieving the position of E. A. T. , there was a local schedule within the group named the Technical Services Program. This program enhanced the effective collaboration of artists working hand-in-hand with engineers on a precise assignment/project. This was made possible by a deliberate effort at pinning equal artists with appropriate engineers for synergic results. The program also assisted the collaborators in reaching out to industries and corporate-business communities in meeting the need to accomplish outstanding project. Furthermore, E. A. T.commissioned inter-field projects and events which were anchored by artists involving the use of new technological woks. Some of the projects included the front mentioned 9 Evenings Theatre and Engineering in 1966, Some More Beginning in 1968 the later happened to dent the start of exhibition of art and technology. The exhibition was held at a museum in Brooklyn. Included in the key out of the project was the artist-engineer collaborations to invention and program the Pepsi Pavilion at Expo 70 in Osaka, Japan. Picture masking First meeting of E. A. T. in November 1966 The Story of Experiments in Art and TechnologyWhen Andy Warhol was trying to create fl oating(a) light bulbs, he asked Billy Kluver for his kind assistance. Kluver, who was an engineer working at Bell Laboratories in new(a) Jersey, rejected the plea but instead promised to offer him a finish offper usually use to wrap sandwiches, the material is silvery. Warhol fashioned the material into a rectangular object called Mylar today. Injecting Helium into this Mylar created a floating funhouse mirrors in 1966. This example of collaboration between artists and scientists was a motivation to forming Experiments in Art and Technology (E. A. T. ).The artist-engineer collaboration in E. A. T. was formalized at the event of 9 Evenings Theatre and Engineering, (Oct. 1966, in virgin York). The program overt audience to state-of-the-art performances and music from about 50 artists and engineers. Technology electrified things in an appreciable ways, e. g. Dancers tripped light switches by moving their legs past photo-cells, and a tennis game was amplified through microphones in t he rackets. The compliment received was arouse reflecting the need for engineers in artistic works. E. A. T. was then established in November, and by the early 70s it had already inattentive networks of over 6,000 members.Throughout the lifespan of E. A. T. , affiliated groups produced over 500 artworks most common was the body-oriented performance or supercharged minimalist sculpture. One of the most memorable projects commissioned was the Pepsi Pavilion of Expo 1970 Osaka. There, over 60 artists and engineers contributed to the interactive exhibits inside the futuristic dome The Pepsi Pavilion at Expo 70 Osaka with Fujiko Nakayas mist veil Aims and objectives of E. A. T. The non profit making organization was vibrant primarily within the two decades of its institution in 1966 by Billy Kluver, Fred waldhauer, Robert Rauschenberg and Robert Whitman.It was carved out of the need to mobilize the ingredients of arts, industry and science around collective projects, commerce the par ticipation from different disciplines. E. A. T. also aimed at encouraging the skillful harmony towards the realization of new promoter of expressing arts using modern technological equipment such as computer-made images, sounds, video, (audiovisual), manufacturing materials and robotics. To start with, Experiments in Art and Technology brought artists and engineers together to enlighten the participants in order to accustom them with tele-writing and satellite transmission using telecommunication technology.In addition, E. A. T. aimed at giving the developing countries around an ease of Communication Bridge through sealed project assignments. In pursuance of these goals, E. A. T. began opening annexes in the US, Canada and Japan. Other Projects Projects realized at the advent of interdisciplinary included The Anand Project of 1969, this project aided educational television whereby humans spaces were linked together to promote interactions irrespective of the distance apart.Thro ugh this, different countries all around the world can exchange upset questions even about a common uncertainty. For example, Anand Dairy Cooperative in Baroda (India) Telex QA (1971), which linked public spaces in New York (U. S. ), Ahmadabad (India), Tokyo (Japan) and Stockholm (Sweden) by telex Still among the projects is the Children and Communication in 1972this grouchy project piloted the enabling of children within the suburb of New York City, to exchange conversation with telex, telephone and fax machine.Also, in El Salvador is a project to fashion out methods for storing culture and tradition in the region (1973). collecting of E. A. T. s Published Documents Detailing the activities of Experiments in Art and Technology in 1980 over 400 documents were stored in archive ranging from information bulletins, exhibition catalogues, periodicals, photocopies of press clippings, proposals, lectures, announcements newsletters reprints of major articles, among others. The archive w as deposited at major libraries in New York, Moscow of Russia, Washington in U. S., Paris in France et cetera.The archive was aimed at monument the reflection of E. A. T. s wide geographical tentacle with technical and artistic diversity. Technical Service Program (1966-1973) Technical service program (TSP), founded as a subgroup in mid 60s, permits specialist in art and engineering to collaborate with the aim of meeting the artists technological needs without interruption in the team projected design and developmental stages. Highly technical projects were accomplished with this partnership.This collaboration was publicized when E. A. T. group came up with squander news that announced projects at different stages of completion. Still, was the periodic public forum held on upcoming technologies such as lasers and holography. The TSP came to an end in 1973 Technical Information (1966) This program provided consulting services for artists. The service provisions included technical libraries for artists in New York and telephone assistance line operated by engineers from E. A. T. offices. The library collection features documented activities of EAT from 60s to 80s.More on 9 Evenings Theatre and Engineering (1966-2005) These were series of events that catapulted performances of artists and engineers working in unison as an E. A. T. group. The performances broke down inter-relationship barrier. It went does Billy kluver and Robert Rauschenberg requested the working relation of 30-man engineer at Bell Laboratories, desire their involvement in an inter-disciplinary project where avant-garde theatre, dance and new technologies were blended together.The artists involved were John Cage, Lucinda Childs, Oyvind Fahlstrom, Alex Hay, Deborah Hay, Steve Paxton, Yvonne Rainer, Robert Rauschenberg, David Tudor and Robert Whitman. These artists were paired with engineers to produce technical components on the podium used by the participants. It was indeed a open frame thro ugh adventure in the field of Art and technology. Billy Kluver, farther of Experiments in Art and technologyReferencehttp//www. fondation-langlois. org/html/e/page. php? NumPage=306 The Man Who Made a Match of Technology and Art

Goldings modern fable Lord of the Flies Essay Example for Free

Goldings modern fable master key of the Flies EssayWhat gave Golding the inspiration to write the great novel, Lord of the Flies? He wrote the Lord of the flies novel soon after the fight, which was later published in 1954. So it was soon after the war when he wrote it. So was this where his inspiration came from for the novel. Did seeing children suffering concord him ideas? Did the Hitler give him inspiration for diddly and Churchill for Ralph? Did the war lead him to write the book at all? We dont hold up now, and belike never will do But we can guess. We can try and work bulge out what made him write this incredible tale of the children gone savages who fight for survival on the island.The children where being evacuated from the war when they crashed. Ralph was the first character to be introduced. He came out the accounting to be the strong one. The leader who just wanted the best to come of things and to end it all and get home, just analogous Winston Churchill w anted to bring home the bacon the war. Jack on the other side, turned out to be more evil, more sadistic and such(prenominal) more savage then Ralph. He was being compared to Hitler or Mussolini. The main evil powers in the back up World War.The conch represents the democracy in the play. It could closely be related to the democracy between countries, the vote, the councils and the League of Nations. Golding could well of thought of a symbol that was needed to represent this on the island. The only thing stopping them from crimson each other imp from limp. that like the rest of the world in the war. The conch was there for serenity on the island, and the councils were there to stop the world from destroying one another completely.The fire could well represent a piece of the war of mass destruction. The blitz, for example. It destroyed half of London, like the fire destroyed half the island. Londoners were acquire scared the war would never end, after something so bad happene d. Golding incorporated this by using it like the boys on the island, seeing this destruction made them realise, this may never end, and they may all die soon. at one time they had been there a little while. They began to turn into savages. Ralph knew this wasnt going to end soon. They knew things were going to happen, friends and enemies would be made and it would be along time till it ends. This was the case of the war. Hitler and Churchill knew it was a long-term war and they could be there for years.Golding probably noticed during the war, that people tried to be brave. But beneath the skin, they are truly scared. The people who went turned to war, had to be brave, to show those they are confident, that they want to win, to set an example for the people at home and the children. Golding sees this, and puts this into his characters. Everyone on the island was scared, Especially the littluns. Ralph and Jack have to be strong. They are scared, save need to put on a brave face for the sake of everyone. People will breakdown without stronger people to support them like Ralph and jack and the bigguns. Golding has again, related his characters to the human beings that took part in the war. He has compared them, and they basically have the same feelings, just shown in different ways and surroundings.Golding also relates the ending to the war. How d-day is the same as the last bit of the Book. However, Ralph was now related to Hitler and Jack, Churchill. This is because, Jack is winning, and he almost has Ralph, almost has him stuck and almost has the end of Ralph. He has him cornered, when it ends. Just before Ralph is astir(predicate) to be killed it all over. The ordeal they have gone through has ended in 5 minutes. Just like, the last day of the war, When Germany is close to loosing, they surrender, and its all over.I think the early 20th century was a good source for Goldings book, Lord of the Flies. The war was the main thing to happen in the years of Goldi ng opus the book. He saw things first hand and wrote down this in a story, which he changed to make a story, but used the same roots as the war stories. Golding book was a fabulous story of boys, who are stranded, but he hides the fact hat its related to the war well. You dont really notice it, but looking beneath the skin of the book, you actually realise the strong resemblance it has with the war.

Rome †The Heart of Culture Essay Example for Free

capital of Italy The Heart of Culture EssayThere are many an(prenominal) elegant and exciting places to visit in the world Venice and Paris impress your emotions and the hidden feelings, whereas Egypt and Thailand impress your attitude towards heathen heritage. Nevertheless, my favorite city is Rome and I can return to its ancient-looking streets and romantic atmosphere as many times as I can afford. However, Rome for me is not a city to live in as it will loose its romanticism. It is a place to visit and there are many undercoats why. The set-back reason is, of course, to collar the Vatican the head of the roman print Catholic Church. The Vatican is known to attract visitors due to its spiritual power. The Vatican is the smallest commutative state and the richest country in the world. I think every unrivaled should visit it when visiting Rome. There you can see collections of priceless treasures and fantastic views on Rome. The second reason is art and architecture. It is known that Rome is the center of the approximately famous sculptures and painting. Throughout the city you can find buildings which belong to different historical eras. For example, the ancient Roman forum and Colosseum are really worthy of seeing.I am really impressed by the Trevi bounce and tradition of throwing a coin into it is very nice. One of the architectural wonders Pantheon is also found in Rome. The one-third reason is food and drink as Rome invites you offering wide range of restaurants. I am fond of visiting Pizzerias where I always enjoy homemade pizza and fresh pasta. Finally, the fourth reason is shopping. Shopping in Rome can suit every, even the smallest budget. There you can find unassuming stores and such names, as, for example, Fendi, Valentino, Laura Biagotti, etc.In conclusion Id like to say that Rome is one of the most exciting and romantic places in the world. In Rome you enrich your spirituality and cultural heritage by visiting the Vatican and famous churches you can spend time in comfortable restaurants with your beloved person. Rome is a perfect place anyway

Modern technology today Essay Example for Free

Modern technology today EssayWith the advent of more modern technology today, and the intricacy of corporate markets, commercial transactions between industries grow by the day. As commerce, in its basic sense, pertains to the avocation of something of sparing value, be it goods or services, information, and most of all, money, it is required of an individual to know how to analyze the economic systems that ladder every transaction and endeavor related to commerce.As an empowered individual, my enthusiasm and desire for development the commerce of man is very strong, at the same time I possess the capability to initiate ideas and activities that support in conceptualizing products or services that may be traded for value. To further learn the intricacies of the field of commerce, I stir decided to take up the Bachelor of duty program. I believe I will be successful in this field.When assessing basic market financial records in newspapers, I easily comprehend economic tre nds that I often imagine myself as a good financial analyst. Coupled with the fact that I have enough experience in dealing with different kinds of people in economic terms, I know that ill be successful in this field. The rise and fall of economies in every state influence events globally. I was intrigued with this issue that this pushed me to exert effort in realizing my dream of taking up Commerce as a course.At the micro-level, I am attentive in class, like to recite and tip over on issues relating to economics and commerce. The pursuit of education is to be encouraged to better understand the world almost us and to contribute to its development. In my own opinion, I can serve this purpose by learning things related to commerce, and with the qualities I possess, I can provide additional knowledge to the study of commerce.

Conflict and Violence in Premarital Relationship Essay Example for Free

involvement and Violence in Premarital Relationship EssayIncidence of bookings and madness in antenuptial consanguinity seems to happen regularly. This research paper discusses the numerous possible apprehensions that would ca call mortal to turn over a dupe or perpetrator in premarital affinitys. A root cause of premarital fierceness is in childhood experiences. Individuals develop a certain race expressive style based on their childhood experiences that influences how they deliver in c lag kins.Childhood emotional trauma causes children to develop insecure blood style that produces adults with many an(prenominal) emotional and psychological issues much(prenominal) as depression and anger. These styles are marchesed the secure, the avoidant, the unsure and the disorganized relationship style. Children carry to communicate and inter influence with others through observing the way their manage conflicts parents. Conflicts occur very much, mainly due to the wish of communication skills surrounded by couples and individualistic insecurities. Uncontrolled and unmanaged conflicts can cause virtuoso or both partners lose control, and quite a good deal, the heated conflict ends in hysteria.Introduction Conflicts that arise in premarital relationships may be due to both dyadic and individual problems. These conflicts often lead to ferocity in relationships. The way someone reacts to lifes problems or issues is rooted in the way he or she is raised and his or her childhood experiences. The term premarital used throughout this paper refers to only a male- distaff relationship. The terms such as courtship, date relationships, also refers to the entire scope of heterointimate dating behavior, from casual dating through engagement and/or cohabitation.A premarital relationship is defined as any romantic love relationship involving a male and a female before marriage or outside of marriage. The essence of romance is characterized by a marked physical attraction, strong emotional trammel between the partners, and a tendency for distrisolelyively to idealize the other (Waller Hill, 1951). Premarital relationships in this research paper includes anyone from as young as advanced give lessons students to seniors. Conflicts Lead to Violence Conflict in premarital relationships can be defined as a disagreement, a quarrel or dispute, or a discord of action or feeling. match to Tim Clinton (2006), at that place are three levels of relationship dispute which are termed renegotiation, impasse or dissolution. aim one (renegotiation) involves someone who is angry and bickers rough his or her differences and who is governed by fears and anger. Level two (impasse) is where both individuals begin to loose emotionally from to each one other and no longer confide or trust each other. Level three (dissolution) is where couples eventually reach a point where they completely cut themselves off emotionally from each other (Clinton 2006).Violence in premarital relationships include acts that involves any force that is un respectable, rough or injurious to another somebody. Henton et al. (1983), reported several types of impetuous behaviors such as pushing, grabbing or shoving, slapping and kicking, biting or collision with the fist. Relationship force out involves both the victimized and the perpetrator. When a conflict gets out of hand and escalates, one or both partners lose control, and quite often the heated conflict ends in violence (Lloyd et al. , 1989).Alarmingly, violence in courtship seems to happen regularly between 1 in 3 and 1 in 2 college students and 1 in 10 high school students experience violence as victims or perpetrators (Cate et al. , 1982 Laner Thompson, 1982 Makepeace, 1981 Roscoe Callahan, 1985 appoint et al. , 1988 Stets Straus, 1989). The ability of premarital partners to overlook, forgive, or ignore invalidating interaction that is even encouraged and supported by peer groups is due to the power of romance (Lloyd, 1991). Individual and Childhood Problems Childhood experiences devote a invari adequate effect on people accord to the Social Learning Theory.Exposure to violence during childhood births individuals to a greater extent prone to be involved in a violent intimate relationship. The witnessing of violence in the family of neckcloth links to violent experience and military commission in premarital relationships Gover et al. (2008) explored the association between exposure to violence in the family of origin and subsequent physical violence and psychological aversion in dating relationship. go out violence development and perpetration, has been linked to exposure to violence during early childhood.Gover et al. 2008) termed this hypothesis intergenerational transmission of violence, where exposure to violence during childhood is related to subsequent involvement in violent intimate relationships (p. 1668). The hypothesis explains how dating v iolence is to a greater extent likely in people that go through child abuse or witnessed parental violence. The correction looked at the interpersonal violence between dating partners in several ways by victimization large sample of male and female college students to comprehensively examine the intergenerational transmission of violence hypothesis.Women are more often victimized than men. The study by Gover et al. , showed that childhood abuse is associated with the likelihood of dating violence victimization among females but not males. The tops showed a correlation between childhood violence victimization and physical violence perpetration in a dating relationship, which supported the intergenerational transmission of violence hypothesis. They also concluded that there is a significant relationship between physical dating violence victimization for women who were unfastened to enatic perpetrated abuse.Witnessing violence between parents does not have as much of a significan t impact on dating violence perpetration in comparison to female exposure to paternal perpetrated abuse. Child abuse is related to dating violence victimization and perpetration especially among males women are more likely to become victimized rather than the perpetrator according to some studies. Child abuse involves psychological abuse, emotional neglect, sexual abuse, exposure to severe marital conflict and addictive behavior (Clinton, 2006).According to the Gover et al. tudy, violence victimization and perpetration are experienced by those who witnessed one parent hit the other parent and experienced childhood abuse at higher rates in dating relationships in comparison to those who were not exposed to violence during childhood. Ones childhood relationships are very important because they shape the chemical processes in the brain that pose how someone controls his or her impulses, calm or strong emotions and develop memories in their early family life. Tim Clinton (2006) believe s that everyone develops relationship rules, which determines their relationship style from childhood.He described four relationship styles in his book, Why You Do the Things You Do The orphic to Healthy Relationships the secure, the avoidant, the ambivalent and the disorganized relationship style. The underlying reason why people do the things they do is their relationship style or their attachment style. Special relationship, bond, or connection with another person that is characterized by strong emotions and continues through time is what Clinton (2006) refers to as attachment. A persons relationship style is determined by the interactions between a mother and her infant over time.These interactions teach her child certain relationship rules, which are snapper beliefs about one self and others. These core beliefs may not always be fully cognizant to the individual, but they influence the behavior of everyone in a powerful way, such as the tendencies to act violently or easily become a victim in premarital relationships. Insecure relationship styles, the avoidant, the ambivalent and the disorganized relationship style are most(prenominal) likely to experience relational conflicts more often than those with secure relationship style.Children learn how to manage conflict from watching the way their parents work out their disagreements. A childs security is also threatened when he sees his parents in screaming matches, physical struggles or violence (Clinton, 2006). An individual with a disorganized relationship style is at a high risk to fall into fatheaded depression because this person has been b influenceline depressed and anxious throughout life. Events such as job loss, conflict with a friend, financial struggles can cause him or her to sink rapidly into serious depression.Those with poor rational health outcomes such as anxiety, depression, reduced self-esteem, separate out, and various physical health consequences, have been involved in a violent relationship (Gibb et al. , 2004 Messman-Moore et al. , 2000). The potential for violence can be linked to someone who has authentic a disorganized relationship style. Children who develop a disorganized relationship style have been traumatized by their own parents, who were both a source and the solution to their fears and anxieties. This simply means that these children had no solution or safe haven for them.As a result, these children become emotionally disorganized and fragmented during emphasisful multiplication (Clinton, 2006). There are two sources of emphasis that influence individuals or couples positivistic events that comes with a challenge and negative events that comes with threat and harm or loss. There are contradicting studies of dating violence, and the role that stress plays in premarital love relation conflict is not yet clear. Men and women may react differently to stress according to OLearys (1998) theoretical formulation of spouse aggression.Wethington et al. (1987) reported that research on acute stressors shows that males and females are connatural in the number of undesirable events experienced, but that males seem more emotionally affected. Therefore, if there is a relationship between stress and violence, it might be greater for males than females (Marshall Rose, 1990). Marshall and Rose (1990) conducted a study to establish the influence of stress on relationship conflicts and violence. They found that positive stress contributed to males recent expression of violence, (p. 61).The reason why positive stress but not negative stress, contributed to males expression of violence is unclear according to Marshal and Rose (1990). This determination is contrary to previously similar studies done by other researchers, however, this phone line may be due to the fact that Marshal and Rose allowed the observers, rather than the respondents to classify the direction of stress impact, whether they are positive or negative. Stress is a s econdary emotional reaction, when someone tries to repress primary feather emotions such as fear or pain due to life issues (Clinton, 2006).An individual who has an avoidant relationship style tends to be narcissistic who can easily become even more self-absorbed under stress. Possibilities for conflicts would subjoin dramatically for these types of individuals because when they receive negative feedback, for instance, they become angry and contemptuous, ( dismiss Locations 1522-1526). This kind of behavior brings constant or more frequent conflicts under stressful times for both individuals. Dyadic ProblemsIn premarital relationships, mutual perceptiveness and devotion exist between couples, especially when they move towards a deeper level of commitment. In contrast to these qualities, most couples were found to be in mutual combat because more than two-thirds of one sample reported bilateral violence (Carte et al. , 1982). Some individuals, whose perception of dating is one o f a carefree experience to be enjoyed or to just have a good time, approach their problems by using their partners as targets to physically act out feelings of anger, confusion and jealousy (Henton et al. 1983).A study done by Henton et al. (1983) assessed the incidence and context of the use of violence in high school relationship because the first experiences in forming intimate relationships occur for many individuals during high school. He found that a significant number of high school students have experienced premarital violence in one or more relationships. In 71. 4% of high school relationships where violence occurred, it was found that the pattern of abuse was reciprocal, where each partner had been both the victim and aggressor at some point in time.The remaining 28. 6 %, four patterns were identified male abuser only, female abuser only, abused male and abused female. Most individuals remained in violent relationships because they felt that they have significantly fewer alternatives than those who terminated such relationships. Individual tends to tolerate or have a more positive attitude towards premarital violence if they have been involved in abusive relationships than those who were involved in non-abusive relationships (Henton et al. 1983).This finding in this study suggests that the occurrence of premarital violence is because of dyadic problems rather than solely a result of individual characteristics. One suggestion as to why victims had a more positive attitude towards violence may be because victims of violence may have become addicted to such trauma. The brain releases chemicals called endogenetic opioids, natural painkillers that are the brains equivalent to heroin whenever someone is under extreme stress.The stress of relationship violence could easily cause victims to become addicted to the drug. For someone to withdraw from that drug would be similar to breaking a drug addiction. Increasing the difficulty is the fact that the withdr awal symptoms parallel the incubus of the traumatized person emptiness, tension, irritability, and an internal sense of unrest, (Clinton, 2006, Kindle Locations 2131-2137). The person may return to the trauma and its morphine, in order to relieve the symptoms.Another way addiction to trauma can develop is fear of the unknown Clinton, 2006, Kindle Locations 2131-2137. The state of ones emotional wellbeing is a factor that influences how couples handle conflicts and whether they are prone to violence or foster safety. Emotion, according to Clinton (2006), is The physical, gut-felt responses that fuel our behavior and motivate us to act, (Kindle Locations 4310-4311). Emotions are what motivate someone to essay closeness during times of stress and therefore, they are very important in relationships.Specific emotional components such as positive affective whole tone, listening and understanding, and self-disclosure, protect premarital relationships from violence (Prager Buhrmester, 1 998). Those individuals who did not develop a secure relationship style as termed by Tim Clinton (2006) foster many kinds of negative emotions because of insecurities they developed from childhood. Individuals with the ambivalent relationship style tend to be anxious, melodramatic or angry. These individuals would be prone to violence in their dating relationships. Swett and Marcus (2002) explored the issues about couples emotional dynamics and violence.A group of upper-level undergraduates were asked a number of questions about their current relationship, about the duration of their relationships, number of times in previous relationships they had physical fights and the severity of blemish they had suffered as a result (Swett Marcus, 2002). The findings of the study support the importance of the intimacy components of positive affective tone and listening and understanding in reducing dyadic violence. The quality of emotional interactions is a factor that influences violent tend encies in premarital relationships.Positive emotions that involve positive affective tone and listening and understanding, can curb violence in relationship, and therefore serve as protections against violence (Swett Marcus, 2002). Unhealthy communication leads to conflicts, it prevents couples from being able to talk through their feelings. Tim Clinton (2006), talks about four kinds of unhealthy communication, in his book, he explained how criticism, defensiveness, contempt and obstruct are all forms of unhealthy communication. Criticism comes in a form of questioning that implies that the other person has a character flaw, for example, why do you always do that?You never do what you say youre release to do. I just cant count on you for anything, (Kindle Locations 775-776). Defensiveness is a reaction against a criticism make retaliation, for example, What do you mean I never do what I say? How many times have you not come through when I needed you to help me out with the kids ? You dont help. You just whine and complain that things dont happen according to your schedule (Kindle Locations 778-779). Contempt comes when criticism and defensiveness intensifies, disparaging remarks, put-downs and extreme distress result.For example, some one who is in contempt might say something like this, You make me sick You never do what you say youll do. Youre a big talker, just like your mother, but you never follow through. Ive grown used to not being able to rely on you, so Ill just do everything myselflike always. (Kindle Locations 782-784). Stonewalling results from a high intensity of contempt, causing a person to shut down and stop participating in conversation by move out of the room or stare off into space. These behaviors can increase the other persons rage and spark another round of criticism. Kindle Locations 785-787).People with insecure relationship styles would be at a higher risk of relationship violence victimization and or perpetration. Conclusion A lthough squabbles are a necessary part of every couples growth together, when carefully managed or regulated, is a building block for a healthy relationship, one that is vibrant and thriving (Clinton, 2006). People who are at less risk for relationship violence victimization and perpetration are most likely to possess a secure relationship style. These people are confident in their identity, their effectiveness in the world and trust others.This allows them to have a healthy way of interacting with and relating to people. Secure people are emotionally strong, willing to seek and accept teething ring from others, courageous about love and intimacy, and responsible for themselves,(Kindle Location 4337). There are many other factors that potentially increase the chances for individuals to have a healthy love relationship with another person. Individuals, who have higher attachment to his or her parents during childhood, were less likely to be responsible for dating violence (Chapple Hope, 2003).Religious institutions were found to be a protective factor for potential violence dating relationship. Students reporting more church attending were less likely to be involved in a violent dating relationship (Coker et al. , 2000 Gover, 2004). Conflicts often arise because of the lack of communication skills and resolution skills. Couples should learn to talk openly and honestly about our feelings, both positive and negative ones. A healthy form of communication can develop this way between couples. It will help them avoid unnecessary conflicts that can eventually escalate to violence.

John Brown Essay Example for Free

bum embrown Essay sewer Brown was from Connecticut, natural in strict religious family in 1800. At 12, after seeing a slave be brutally beaten, swore to never forget that day. In the mid 1800s he decided to campaign against thrall in Kansas and Nebraska, so did the pro-slavery who campaigned for the continuation of slavery. With the murder of sextette anti-slaverists and that slave who was beaten many age ago, he decided that In order to end slavery, violence must be applied (John Brown).In 1956, at the town of Lawrence, Pro slavery members destroyed the anti slavery head quarters and killed 6 of its members. John Brown observed the violence that erupted at Lawrence town. John Brown was set on revenge and on May 24th he and 6 of his followers pulled 5 men from the Pro slavery camps at Pottawatomie Creek and killed them. To avoid charges, John Brown went to New England to charge and raised money for 2 years in order to purchase weapons. He was financially supplied by a se cret group of six wealthy men who supported his ideas. In October 16, 1859, John Brown and 21 followers decided to sequestrate the weapons of the military arsenal in Harpers Ferry. John Brown hoped that giving the slaves weapons, they would revolt against slavery but they didnt show up in the battle. John Brown was intercepted by the US. Marines led by Robert E. Lee. The Marines were victorious and John Brown was captured. He faced charges in Virginia and he was hanged.The execution of John Brown led the ground to divide itself into two polars, one believed that all men are born free and another who believed that dumb people should be slaves. Some say that John Brown was martyr and others say that he was a terrorist and his efforts were in vain. John was a martyr who fought and died for his beliefs, and his sacrifice leaded to the abolition of slavery, so yes John Brown was a courageous abolitionist who died for a cause he believed in.

Development or environmental injustice Essay Example for Free

Development or environmental in salutaryice EssayWhat does it really take to experience maturation? What argon the defining criteria for development? Is development quantitatively measured or qualitatively evaluated? What be the name indicators of a developing or developed country? The answers dep stamp out on the persons antecedency and preference. The expansion of metropolitan aras has been referred to as urban development by those who are after the material indicators of development- tall rise buildings, wider highways, more cars and more parks. For those who are concerned with the long-term environmental and health effects of urbanization, they environ it urban sprawl. For the purpose of having a common point of reference, let me use 1Dr. Howard Frumkins definition of urban sprawl the complex pattern of land use, expatriate and social and economic development. This complex pattern requires the point of reference of urban areas to rural areas, and thus converting the latter to urbanised locality. Urbanization implies vast afforest and agricultural lands to be converted to different land uses. Sad to say, the list includes recreational facilities and parks which, for investment and environmental considerations are to be of least priority.Extensive roads construction which provides spaces for suburban dwellers to drive a car just to buy a pack of cigarette in the next block, is not suppose to be of contiguous consideration. Besides this qualitative indicators of poor urban sprawl considerations, there are environmental threats of urban sprawl that are needed to be evaluated and be given high priority by the development advocates, as it concerns sprightliness of the present and future generations. 2Automobile has been a prerequisite to urban sprawl. (J. E. Anderson)The most perverse effect of heavy reliance to automobiles is obviously cable pollution. In the United States, 3about 25% of all trips are shorter than one mile of these, 75% a re by car. Another related 4study revealed that only 1% of trips in the US are on bicycle and 9% by foot. Do these figures present impressive urban development rates for the US? I am afraid not because the Netherlands has 30% accounting for transportation on bicycle. These facts rather provide proofs that vehicles are the leading source of air pollution.Despite modern environmental standards, urban air quality remains to be slap-uply affected by the emission of air pollutants from transport. In the 5US alone, 30% of nitrogen oxide and 30% of hydrocarbon emissions are brought about by mobile sources. In addition, 5carbon dioxide emission, which is the end product of burning fuel such as gas, accounts for 80% emissions. Carbon dioxide is the major greenhouse gas, with orbicular warming potential. Needless to explain, development should no be measured quantitatively, that is by the number of cars that are freeing to and fro the streets of the cities.Rather, development should be meas ured qualitatively, that how much does it contribute to the quality of life the residents are to experience when programs relation to urban sprawl are push through. Housing development is a crock up of urban sprawl, which requires forest fragmentation. 6Chet Arnold of the Center for Land-use and Research at the University of Connecticut said forest fragmentation occurs when large, continuous forests are divided into smaller blocks, either by roads, clearing for agriculture, urbanization, or other human development. This means that housing development requires animal populations in the cleared forests to be thrown out of their natural habitats. Destruction of natural habitats accounts for great loss of biodiversity, which results to ecological imbalance. I agree that man deserve to choose decent life and part of it is having a more comfortable living. But domain are not the only residents of the earth. We also have to take into consideration the floras and faunas as part of biod iversity. Let us remember that earth creatures are subordinate on each other.Humans, being given the capacity to think and understand over the lower forms of life should see things beyond material and short-term comforts that development brings. Urban sprawl in this context of use alone is clearly an environmental injustice. Water resources are not exempted from the list of natural resources that are instantaneously affected by urban sprawl. As requisite of urban sprawl deforestation brings forth irrigate pollution. This is besides the effects of pollutants that directly come from factories, sewage treatment plants and local wastes, which are typical to urbanized cities.Rainwater that runs through the deforested lands are not effectively absorbed and thus flows downstream. This process results to lesser groundwater recharge, so water supply shortage follows. Added to the list of negative effects of urban sprawl to natural resources are noise pollution, the heat island effect, s oil erosion and the declining fertility rates of soils. The main point of all these is that urban sprawl is the root of many environmental injustices.Air pollution, deforestation, water pollution, soil degradation and the destruction of biodiversity are results of a chain reaction from a single step to what others refer to as urban development. What humans failed to do and still refuse to consider is the future. Development projects, of which urban sprawl is a major player, are foc apply on comforts and pleasures of today and shortly after tomorrow. The next generation should be taken into serious consideration. There are things that still can be undone, but there are things that cannot. innate(p) resources that were destroyed can still be replaced, but it takes a century to bring them back to where they used to be. By itself, theres nothing wrong with development. What makes it undesirable is its planner to consider the future.REFERENCES1. Frumkin, Howard. Urban digress and Publi c Health. Public Health Reports. May-June 2002 issue. Volume 117. page 201 2. Anderson, J. Edward. Personal Rapid Transit and Urban Development. Retrieved from http//faculty. washington. edu/jbs/itrans/sprawl. htm on December 19, 2006 3.Koplan, JP, Dietz. Caloric Imbalance and Public Health Policy. JAMA 1999. 282. pages 1579-81 4. Pucher, J. Bicycling Boom in Germany A revitalisation Engineered by Public Policy. Transportation Q 199751. pages 31-46 5. US Environmental Agency. National Emission Inventory. Air Pollutant Emission Trends. contemporary Emission Trend Summaries. Retrieved from http//www. epa. gov/ttn/chief/trends/index. html on December 19, 2006 6. NASA. Urban Sprawl The Big Picture. Retrieved from http//science. nasa. gov/headlines/y2002/11oct_sprawl. htm on December 19, 2006

Greatest Speeches of All Time - Franklin Roosevelts Speech Essay Example for Free

Greatest Speeches of solely Time Franklin Roosevelts Speech EssayIn his first paragraph, Roosevelt states that he is certain that his fellow the Statesns expect he provide address them with honesty and a decision which the people will push for fightd. He similarly states that this is the distinguished time to speak the truth. That the Statesns should not shrink from honestly facing conditions in their country today. America will endure as it has endured and will revive and flourish. So first of both, he will hold water his firm belief that the scarcely thing they have to fear is fear itself- un respect up to(p)ified terror which pelf needed efforts to transform retreat into advance. He makes a point about how values have lessen dramatically as taxes have risen, ability to pay has fallen, the government is faced by diminishment of income, exchange way are frozen in trade, the industrial enterprise is falling (wi in that respectd leaves), farmers cannot sell produce, sa vings of families are gone and there are handout to be more unemployed citizens. He speaks about how America doesnt have the problems they once had with loss of produce and how our forefathers conquered and that Americans should appreciate it.He says that the country has more resources and shouldnt waste them, like leaders have wasted resources before, whether it was because they stub natural or just plain dumb, they have passed on these habits to their future rulers. He acknowledges that they have tried, but their efforts were in vain. They have only ever proposed the lending of money. People before him have not had the choice to lure people to go with him by using money promises they resorted to persuading the people through pleading tearfully for restored confidence.These people had no sight and only knew the rules of a generation of self-seekers, and with this vision people perish. He acknowledges that social values are more important than money values and that is where the restoration should begin. He excessively acknowledges that money doesnt bring you gratification but the joy of achievement does. He also acknowledges that the joy and moral side of work no longer need to be forgotten in the chase of diminishing profits.He also states that reference of material wealth being the standard of success being a false idea going hand in hand with the abandonment of the false belief that creation office and political short letter are to be valued only by the standards of pride of place and personal profit, also that there moldiness be an end to the wrong doing to the citizens who trust in banking and in business. If the nation is to be restored both ethics must be changed and action must be taken.He recognises action ineluctably to be taken so that more people are in the workforce and are able to get into the workforce. He states that we must recognise that most of the population lives in the city and that the land should be put to better use. This ca n be achieved by raising the value of agricultural products and with this power to acquire the output of cities. It can be helped by preventing the tragedy of the growing loss of small homes and farms. It also helped by insistence that the federal, state and local governments act on demand to have their costs reduced.If national training for supervision of all forms of transportation and communication were in place it would also help. He states that it cannot merely be helped by talking about it and actions must be put in place quickly. He states that to go along to the safeguard of work there must be strict supervision of all banking and credits and investment, there must be end to speculation with other peoples money and there must be provision for an adequate but sound currency. He goes on to explain how he will fill his duties in a fulfilling way.The event the speech addresses The event the speech addresses was Inauguration Day, 1933. This marked the offset printing of a fou r year term. On this day there was a swearing in ordinance which consisted of Roosevelt taking an oath of office and delivering a speech. This speech outlined that Roosevelt understood that the American Constitution had turn out itself as an enduring modern political mechanism and how Roosevelt planned to ease the effects of the Great Depression. visibility of Franklin RooseveltFranklin Delano Roosevelt was born in 1882 at Hyde Park, New York. Hyde Park (New York) is most famous for being the hometown of Roosevelt and his grandfathers home is placed near the Riverview Circle of the Hudson River. He was born as the only child of James Roosevelt and Sara Ann Delano Roosevelt. He was born into a family of riches and the sense of self importance. He was educated by tutors and governesses and his upbringing was far unlike from the common people.In 1896 he att cease Groton school for boys where he found it hard to fit in as most of the boys excelled at athletics while he did not. After graduating in 1900, Roosevelt attended Harvard University and capital of South Carolina Law School but in 1907 he passed the bar exam yet didnt apprehend a degree. In 1905, on St. Patricks Day he married Eleanor Roosevelt, his ordinal cousin, niece of Theodore Roosevelt, also his fifth cousin. Theodore Roosevelt was Franklin Roosevelts idol and Roosevelt aimed to follow in his footsteps.Theodore Roosevelt became commander-in-chief in 1901 afterwards William McKinley was assassinated and president in 1904 after winning second term. Roosevelt won a seat in the New York senate in 1901. He was in love with Polio in 1921, but not many people knew exactly how paralysed he was as he was never seen in a wheelchair. He fought to regain the use of his legs though hydrotherapy. Franklin Roosevelt was the only president to be elected four times. Roosevelt had become the 32nd President of the join States in 1933.In 1935 many members of the public were against Roosevelts New Deal program ev en though the Nation had received some treasure of recovery as national product went up and unemployment went down. The New Deal program was a serial of domestic programs enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1936. Roosevelt was re-elected in 1936 by a huge margin. Roosevelt had pledged the United States to the good neighbour policy, when France fell and England came under siege in 1940, he began to send Great Britain all possible aid short of actual military involvement.Hopes of keeping America out of the war ended on December 7, 1941 when Japan attacked Pearl Harbour. Roosevelt helped in the area of advising military personnel and did this successfully in 1942 in an invasion on South Africa, in 1943 in both Italy and Sicily and followed by the D-Day invasion in Europe in 1944. During this time Roosevelt also promoted the formation of the United Nations (UN). Also in 1944 Roosevelt had been tested and diagnosed with many problems but despite this he ran for president with his running mate Harry S.Truman who he nominated as his senator and won 36 of 48 states, yet again becoming president. In February, 1945, Roosevelt attended the Yalta Conference which was held to wrangle after-war reorganisation with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet General Secretary Joseph Stalin. Roosevelt died on the afternoon of April twelfth in 1945, as the foundation War II came to a close from a cerebral haemorrhage. His perfunctory shocked America even though people knew he looked exhausted in photographs and news reels, no one was prepared for his passing.Historical Analysis Roosevelts presidency had forever changed the United States and the way it was run. He led a country through the Great Depression, as well as the greatest war in human history, and his social programs during the Great Depression have redefined the role of government in Americans lives. He established the United States leadership on the world stage through his role in World War II. The 12 years he spent in the White House had redefined liberalism and set a precedent for the expansion of presidential power for future generations.

Big business affects public relations ethics Essay Example for Free

Big descent affects public relations ethics EssayBig business at present affects public relation ethics. U. S. corporations devote hundreds of millions of dollars annually to ? public relations in order to create grace for themselves. A major public ? relations goal is to make concourse believe that an organization exerts a ? positive and desirable force in society. This process is called image building ideally, it creates credibility. (Blohowiak 1987) There are twain rationalnesss regarding the deterioration of public relation ethics. First, masses are driven by self move ining attitude.Second, because of the self- gain mentality, batch treat costumers or the other as exclusively an object or a means to achieve their desire. Individuals self gain has been one of the strongest call forations of a man in indulging himself to a business or corporation. It is always automatic that man will seek for gain in whatever undertaking. Man desires for material things in life and is always in constant act of assimilating these things. This preoccupation contributes to the malady of the business orb today. Because of this drive of man to gain, man, most of the time is on a self- revolve around mode.Man is likely not to consider others in order to achieve his desires. He does not consider what ethical means to be done in order to achieve his goal rather, seeing only means that can contribute to his gain. Man becomes glued by the desire to gain. Instead of a neighborly relationship with a co- employee or a client, the relationship becomes just a functional relationship because people see each other as only a means to a desired end. They interact only by means of functions and with the reason of only accomplishing something.The relationship becomes an objective relationship and that they dont care to other employees and costumers. The I and thou relationship is no where to be found. Customers and other employees are treat up objects. They are not recog nized as withal beings with human dignity. People in doing business do not look at the welfare of the other and becomes glued with self centeredness. Because of self gain which gives birth to treating others as only objects of their desire, the public relations ethics deteriorates.The business world today is adequate of deception that a lot of cases and dilemmas have been produced. People does not give emphasis on the fictitious character of service they render instead their emphasis is on the amount of profit they will get from either transaction. Money becomes the criteria of doing business and of everything. The true meaning of inter human relationship vanishes. People do onward from the very essence of it. They find meaning in assimilating material things which is a true recreation from their essence. Their essence as social being is to treat others as subjects, as beings with human dignity.People also deviate from the will of God because the will of God dictates that they must treat others with respect and love. God wants people to have a harmonious inter human relationship. It makes Him sad to see people using other people just to satisfy caprices. Greed becomes the theme of the business world today and great virtues and value are hard to find. The drive of man for self gain is very strong. It is very difficult to overcome. This is the reason why we have a deteriorating public relations ethics. People seem to care for the assimilation of coin and nothing else.Material possessions drew peoples attention and they become fixated with it. Even in a lifetime, it is very difficult nowadays to detach from this sad reality of our existence. Life in the business world is always a tale of thinking to do whats right and thinking to do what is ripe to ones self, very hard but interesting battle that every people is facing. With hulking business processing big investments for big profits, big business executives will not think doubly in manipulating public relations activities to make the picture suit their interests over other competitiors.

Initial Teaching Assignment Essay Example for Free

Initial Teaching Assignment attemptIn my role as a tutor of wear teaching and learning in schools my responsibilities embarrass promoting cognitive elaboration *Cognitive psychology is concerned with the various mental activities which result in the scholarship and processing of information by the learner. Its theories involve a perception of the learner as a purposive individual in continuous interaction with his amicable and psychological environment.( l.b.curzon (2003). teaching in pull ahead education. 6th ed. london continuum. 35.) Holding a good knowledge of outside agencies that maybe used when an sleep together is outside of my knowledge or expertise. These may include N.S.P.C.C, medical teams including GPs, health visitors ect, councillors, learning support workers, banks, building societies and the student finance England information for funding or loan advice, police, fire services and social services. All of these outside agencies could be used for supporting my learners and for them to use in their role as a teaching assistant as they are working with children and young people. I work towards promoting social and stirred development, encouraging learners and rewarding them during tasks, discussions, production of work whilst developing into a responsible teaching assistants. Being undeviating is paramount to learners giving them a sense of belonging and security that I would invariably be on that point to discuss any issues or concerns with them, especially if the issue is a delicate one.Showing my learners that I toilette promote equality by letting them have every hazard to attend and participate in every aspect of the lesson is also giving them opportunity to express their own ideas and personality. I myself am always looking to learn and gaining skills from learners is another way of learning and promoting diversity. Every learner is different and giving them opportunity to share their ways and knowledge and including these skil ls to improve their learning and adding to their new career in a autocratic way encourages diversity. Understand own responsibility for maintaining a safe and supportive learning environment.

In Mass Boom Wing Structure Engineering Essay

In fire Boom extension Structure Engineering Essay extension social system is a main purpose of the aircraft which transmits resist apply points and provide and maintain silky shape.Mass stroke beamBox beamMulti- outfitDelta movehttp//www.free-online-private-pilot-ground-school.com/images/annex-components.gifFIGURE 1 Wing components (http//www.free-online-private-pilot-ground-school.com/aircraft- social organization.html)1.1 Mass savage organizeIn mass boom filename extension social organisation there argon flanges with one or two spares to bear the b extirpateing and the torsional load is carried by spar webs. The outer aviate is only works against the buckling due to shear forces with help of the ribs and embroil immaterial stiffeners. Mass boom body structure is mostly utilisation on s low aircraft with thick moves and low cowcatcher loadings. (Torenbeek.E 1999, p259)CUserscompaqDesktopCapturen.PNGFIGURE 3 Typical single spar Mass boom structure (SYNTHESIS OF SUBSONIC AIRPLANE DESIGN, 1988)Advantages in Mass boom structureTapered booms are uncomplicated to create and might be modified to the local stress aim preferred. High stress levels are achievable.Disadvantages of Mass boom structureFailure of spar boom is catastrophic, due to the absence of fail-safe characteristics the mass boom fell structure is no longer utilise in new transport aircraft designs. Due to the juicy stress in the spar boom the deflections under fold stacks are large. The discase plays no part in, the absorbing the flexure moment so that is not used very efficiently. If two-spar configu dimensionn is used, the spar height is less than the airfoil heaviness. The forces in the spar booms due to deform are thus change magnitude and more material will be required. Many ribs are required to stabilize the spar booms. The flake will be buckle when loaded if no stringers are used this will adversely touch the aerodynamic cleanness. (Torenbeek.E 1999, p260)1.2 Box beam structureIn box beam construction there are thin skins or webs and stringer jointed in box shape. This university extension designed to carry shear, bending and torsional loads.Box beam structures incorporate skin impanels, which are stressed only to take shear forces, but as well the end load due to bending. From the point of view of fail-safe design and stressed skin structure is much better than the mass boom type. (Torenbeek.E ,1999, p260)This method is more suitable for aircraft wings with medium to lavishly load intensities and differs from the mass boom concept in that the upper and lower skins also contribute to the span wise bending opposite. Another difference is that the concept incorporates span wise stringers to support the luxuriouslyly-stressed skin panel area. The resultant use of a large number of end-load carrying members improves the everyplaceall structural damage tolerance. http//www.scribd.com/doc/39959654/annexAdvantages of box beam structureTh e advantages of the box beam will be evident when considerable skin thickness is required to obtain sufficient tensional rigidity on wing design for high speed and thin, high aspect ratio wings. In lightly loaded wings, however the stress level in the upper skin will be kept fairly low to avoid buckling and the differences in heaviness will be small as compared with the mass boom type.Disadvantages of box beam structureInteractions among the ribs and stringers are a main advantage of the box beam, because of these ribs has to go by the stringers or path of the load can be fail. Also this structure has many joints which make the wing structure heavy. It needs more assemble time, increases complexity, stress concentration areas and manufacturing cost.( http//www.scribd.com/doc/30983628/olaestruclayout-1)2. MATERIAL SELECTION FOR THE WING STRUCTURESeveral substantive factors considered when selecting materials for aircraft structural applications.http//www.scielo.oces.mctes.pt/pdf/ct m/v20n3-4/v20n3-4a11.pdf Materials properties such as Ultimate stress Yield stress Stiffness Temperature limits Corrosion apology Fatigue resistance Fracture toughness Fragility at low temperatures Crack growth resistance Ductility Maintainability Reliability FabricabilityThe main group of materials used in aircraft construction has been Wood Steel aluminium intermixtures Titanium alloys Fiber reinforced compositesaluminum alloys usage in structural partsIn aircraft structures Aluminium alloys are mainly used since its a relatively low-cost, simply produced and machined.Rib is a structural part of the wing to which keeps the aerodynamic profile, and oppose the distributed aerodynamic pressure loads along with the skin, distribute concentrated loads into the structure redistribute stress around any discontinuities Increase the column buckling strength of the stringers through end restraint.( http//www.scribd.com/doc/30983628/olaestruclayout-1) Increase the skin panel buckling str ength. Group 7000 aluminium alloy used in compressing applications like this, where static strength is more important than fatigue or damage tolerance. It is also used in Upper wing surfaces and beams.Wing Spars Transmit bending and tensional loads. Produce a closed-cell structure to provide resistance to torsion, shear and tension loads. (http//www.scribd.com/doc/30983628/olaestruclayout-1)These usually comprise thin aluminium alloy webs and flanges, sometimes with separate vertical stiffeners riveted to the webs. The flanges are extruded or machined and bolted or riveted onto the webs.Skin is to form impermeable aerodynamic surface, Transmit aerodynamic forces to ribs stringers, Resist shear torsion loads.( http//www.scribd.com/doc/30983628/olaestruclayout-1) Aluminium alloy used to reach the wing.Aluminium alloys and their recommended applicationsMaterialRecommended Application2024-T3, T42, T351, T81Use for high strength tension application has best gap toughness, slow crack growth rate and right-hand(a) fatigue life.2224-T3, 2324-T38% advance strength over 2024-T3 fatigue and toughness better than 2024-T3.7075-T6, T651, T 7351Have higher strength than 2024, lower fracture toughness, and use for tension applications where fatigue is not critical.7079-T6Similar to 7075 but has better thick section properties than 7075.7150-T611% improvement strength over 7075-T5. Fatigue and toughness better than 7075-T6.717-T6, T651Use for compression application.Aluminium-Lithium10% luminance, 10% stiffer and passe-partout fatigue performance than other AL alloys.PM AluminiumHigher strength, good fatigue life, good toughness, higher temperature capability and superior corrosion resistance.TABLE 2 ALUMINIUM ALLOYS AND THEIR RECOMMENDED APPLICATIONS (FROM AIRFRAME STRUCTURAL DESIGN, SECOND variation 2002, p 102)WoodThe first aircraft were constructed from wood since Wood has a good Strength/weight ratio about 0.1 same as aluminum alloys. http//www.scielo.oces.mctes. pt/pdf/ctm/v20n3-4/v20n3-4a11.pdfSteelSteel are applied in unlike components in an aircraft. Steel is used for highly stressedComponents because of its high strength.TitaniumTitanium has an excellent sexual intercourse stress/weight, good Resistance to corrosion and good creep proprieties. Its uses are limited for special proposes. http//www.scielo.oces.mctes.pt/pdf/ctm/v20n3-4/v20n3-4a11.pdf3. crimp MOMENT REDUCTION OF THE WINGThe bending-moment is the force at each location on the spar that change shape the wing upward during normal non-inverted flight, the force rotating the wing around the fuselage. The bending-moment is zero at the wing-tip and maximum at the root. But its value is not proportional across the span. In other words, it is not half as much at the wing mid-point as it is at the root. In fact, the mid-point bending-moment is only about a 1/4 of the root value.A340-200 is a modern passenger transport design which has box beam structure wing with 197ft wing span a nd 610,000 lb maximum takeoff weight.( http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A340Specifications)Bending moment = ( heart and soul weight*Total wing span)/8FIGURE 5 BENDING MOMENT VS SPAN POSITIONThemaximum bending momentmagnitude occurs at thewingrootWing weight is linearly proportional to the wing root bending moment. Therefore if we reduce the weight of the aircraft by using light material it can reduce the maximum bending moment on the wing root. Also the wing span is proportional to bending moment the bending moment can be reduced by reducing the wing span of the aircraft.Wing with high aspect ratio with entire swept box structure wing moves towards the root and therefore forward of the aircraft. Then in order to maintain balance smaller wing come near and larger tail plane lift will be required. The inboard shift in the lift will decrease the wing root bending moment.When engines are mounted on the wings, their weight is obviously going to be borne by the wing structure, along wi th inertia loads as the aircraft maneuvers. rack forces from the engines will also be carried by the wings. With pod-mounted engines the thrust force is bellow the wing and so this tends to demoralize the wing. This can be used to balance the effect of the aerodynamics of the wing which creates a nose shine pitching moment. Another advantage of wing mounted engines is that their weight is close to the area in which lift is produce. This reduces the total fuselage reducing the shear force and bending moment at the wing attachment to the fuselage. So putting the engines on the wings provides bending relief. (Wilkinson 2009,p 32)Outboard fuel tanks reduce the wing bending moment.If the get gear is not mounted under the wing it reduces the wing weight and it also reduce the bending moment of the wing.Braced wings reduce the wing weight by 30% and it helps to reduce the bending moment of the wing.CUserscompaqDesktopUntitled.pngFIGURE 6 LOADING do ON A WING4. EFFECTS OF WING THICKNES S TO WING WEIGHTThe thickness of the airfoil affects the drag, maximum lift, stall characteristics and the structural weight. The thickness is generally given as a ratio of the chord which is referred to as the thickness ratio or the thickness to chord ratio (t/c). An airfoil with a high thickness ratio decrease wing weight since both bending and torsional thickness increase with increasing the thickness. (Roskam, J, 2002, p69)Wing weight is strongly touched by thickness, particularly for cantilever wings. Thicker is lighterFIGURE 7 Effect of Thickness Ratio on Wing Weight (Airplane Design, 2002)GD method (Roskam, J, 2002, p69) to estimate the wing weight of the commercial transport aircraftsWw = 0.00428(S0.48) (A) (MH) 0.43 (WTO nult) 0.84 () 0.14/ coke (t/c) m 0.74 (Cos 1/2)1.54 (Roskam, J, 2002, p69)Definition of terms and data of Boeing 747-400Ww = Structural weight of the wingS = Wing area in ft2 = 6027.78ft2A = Wing aspect ratio = 7.4WTO = Takeoff weight in lbs = 875,000lbnul t = design ultimate load factor = 1.5 = Wing taper ratio = 0.37(t/c) m = Maximum wing thickness ratio1/2 = Wing semi-chord sweep angle = 33.50MH = Maximum Mach number at sea level = 0.885This equation is valid only in the following parameter rangesMH from 0.4 to 0.8(t/c)m from 0.08 to 0.15 and A from 4 to 12Ww = 0.00428(60280.48) (7.4) (0.885) 0.43 (875000- 1.5) 0.84 (0.37) 0.14/ 100 (t/c) m 0.74 (Cos 33.50)1.54 When (t/c)m is 0.08,Ww = 36747.3657When (t/c)m is 0.15 Ww = 23078.37734From the above calculations we can come to a conclusion that the thicker wing is lighter than the thinner wing.(1494 Words)